Why have tensions existed between Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewish communities in Israel?

Tensions between Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jewish communities in Israel stem primarily from deep-seated cultural differences and historical disparities in social and political power.1

While the two groups are roughly equal in number within Israel, the Ashkenazim—whose traditions are rooted in Europe—have historically held a position of dominance in Israeli society. In contrast, Sephardim and Mizrahi Jews (often grouped together in the context of these social dynamics) frequently faced discrimination and mistreatment upon their arrival in Israel following the state's establishment in 1948.213

For much of Israel's history, Sephardic and Mizrahi populations were statistically more likely to be poorer, less educated, and underrepresented in high-level political offices compared to their Ashkenazi counterparts. Although these groups have become integral parts of the Israeli polity, these historical inequalities and ongoing cultural distinctions—such as differences in liturgy, language, and customs—continue to contribute to friction between the communities.12

Would you like to learn more about the specific cultural traditions that distinguish these groups?