Why have political parties faced restrictions in Eswatini?

In Eswatini, political parties have faced restrictions because the country operates under a system that prioritizes traditional governance and royal authority over multiparty democracy.

Historically, King Sobhuza II repealed the post-independence constitution to restore a traditional system where all effective power is concentrated in the royal capital. This approach was maintained by his successor, King Mswati III, who has faced significant pressure for democratic reform.1

While the 2005 constitution, which became effective in 2006, does not explicitly ban political parties, it also does not acknowledge their existence, effectively excluding them from the formal political process. The government instead utilizes the tinkhundla system, a grassroots structure where individuals are elected to the House of Assembly rather than representing political parties. This framework ensures that executive authority remains vested in the king, who appoints the prime minister and cabinet, thereby preserving the monarchy's absolute governing powers.21