Why does the Equator receive more solar energy than the poles?

The Equator receives more solar energy than the poles primarily because of the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth's surface and the consistency of daylight hours.

At the Equator, the Sun’s rays strike at a more direct, perpendicular angle (up to 90°) throughout the year. When sunlight hits the surface at a direct angle, the energy is concentrated in a smaller area, making it more intense. In contrast, because of the Earth's curvature, sunlight strikes the higher latitudes and the poles at an oblique, or slanted, angle. This causes the same amount of solar energy to be spread out over a much larger surface area, significantly reducing its intensity.123

Additionally, the Equator experiences a consistent 12-hour day year-round, ensuring a steady intake of solar radiation. While polar regions may experience 24 hours of daylight during their summer, the low angle of the Sun during those periods keeps the energy intensity relatively low compared to the tropics.23