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Why did the liberum veto make the Sejm difficult to govern?

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Map showing Poland's territory in 1634 under the reign of Wladyslaw IV Vasa, shaded in pink and spanning from the Baltic Sea in the north to near Kyiv in the southeast. Major present-day cities such as Warsaw, Krakow, Gdansk, Vilnius, Minsk, Lwow (Lviv), Pinsk, and Kyiv are marked within the territory, with surrounding cities like Moscow, Riga, Vienna, and Budapest shown for reference. — Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland's territory in 1634, during the reign of Władysław IV Vasa.

The liberum veto made the Sejm difficult to govern because it required absolute unanimity for any legislation to pass. Based on the principle of political equality among the nobility, a single deputy could defeat any measure by exclaiming "Nie pozwalam!" ("I disapprove!").12

This mechanism paralyzed the government in several ways:

Legislative Stagnation: Because every bill required unanimous consent, any individual deputy could block essential reforms or government business.12
Dissolution of Sessions: A deputy could use the veto to dissolve the entire Sejm, which nullified all acts previously passed during that session and forced them to be resubmitted to a future legislature.12
Foreign Interference: The system left the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth vulnerable to foreign powers, who frequently bribed delegates to exercise their veto to block legislation contrary to their interests.12
Resistance to Centralization: The nobility viewed the veto as a safeguard of their traditional freedoms, making any attempt to centralize power or strengthen the state nearly impossible.12

Ultimately, this reckless use of the veto brought government business to a standstill, contributing to the state's decline.12