Why did Shamian Island become an Anglo-French concession?

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Central Guangzhou — Guangzhou Nighttime view of central Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China.

Shamian Island became an Anglo-French concession in 1859 as a direct result of the Second Opium War (also known as the Arrow War).1

Following the outbreak of hostilities in 1856, Anglo-French forces occupied Guangzhou starting in late 1857. This occupation lasted until 1861, during which time the foreign powers exerted control over the city to secure commercial and diplomatic privileges. The establishment of the concession on Shamian Island in 1859 was part of the broader pattern of unequal treaties and territorial concessions forced upon the Qing dynasty by Western powers during this era.21