Which territories gained independence peacefully under direct British rule by 1968?

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By 1968, several territories under direct British rule in Southern Africa achieved independence through a relatively peaceful process. These territories include:12

  • Zambia: Formerly Northern Rhodesia, it gained independence in 1964.12
  • Malawi: Formerly Nyasaland, it gained independence in 1964.12
  • Lesotho: Formerly Basutoland, it achieved independence in 1966.31
  • Botswana: Formerly Bechuanaland, it achieved independence in 1966.31
  • Swaziland (now Eswatini): It achieved independence in 1968.31

These nations transitioned to independence during the first stage of decolonization in the region, distinct from the more protracted and violent struggles for independence seen in other Southern African territories during the same era.12