Britannica Sources used in this answer

Which province did Isfahan serve as capital of under Arab rule?

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Isfahan, Iran: Masjed-e Emām (“Imam Mosque”) — Isfahan Masjed-e Emām (“Imam Mosque”), Isfahan, Iran.

Under Arab rule, Isfahan served as the capital of the province of Al-Jibāl (meaning "the Mountains"), a region that encompassed much of ancient Media.1