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Which powers remained separate for Poland and Lithuania within the Commonwealth?

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Map showing Poland's territory in 1634 under the reign of Wladyslaw IV Vasa, shaded in pink and spanning from the Baltic Sea in the north to near Kyiv in the southeast. Major present-day cities such as Warsaw, Krakow, Gdansk, Vilnius, Minsk, Lwow (Lviv), Pinsk, and Kyiv are marked within the territory, with surrounding cities like Moscow, Riga, Vienna, and Budapest shown for reference. — Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland's territory in 1634, during the reign of Władysław IV Vasa.

Under the terms of the Union of Lublin (1569), which established the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland and Lithuania were united into a single, federated state ruled by a jointly elected monarch.12

Despite this union, the two nations remained formally distinct, equal components of the federation. To maintain this duality, they retained separate powers in the following areas:

Territory: Each nation maintained its own distinct territorial boundaries.12
Laws: Both Poland and Lithuania kept their own legal systems.12
Administration: Each maintained its own civil administration.12
Treasury: The two nations managed separate financial systems and treasuries.12
Army: Each component retained its own military forces.12

While they participated in a joint Sejm (legislature) and cooperated on foreign policy, this duality of dignities and institutions persisted until it was finally abolished in 1791.132