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Which plants and animals live in the Brahmaputra River valley?

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Map showing the course of the Brahmaputra River as it flows from southwestern China through northeastern India and into Bangladesh, with surrounding countries including Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Afghanistan labeled. The river's path is highlighted in blue, and major international boundaries are marked. — Brahmaputra River Brahmaputra River.

The plant and animal life of the Brahmaputra River valley varies significantly across its diverse geography, ranging from the high-altitude Tibetan plateau to the lush floodplains of Assam and the deltaic regions of Bangladesh.1

Flora

Upper Reaches: Vegetation on the Tibetan plateau is primarily xerophytic, consisting of drought-resistant shrubs and grasses.1
Assam Valley: This region features forests of sal (Shorea) and abundant bamboo thickets. Local fruit trees include plantains, papayas, mangoes, and jackfruit. The marshlands are characterized by tall reed jungles and elephant grass.12
Delta Region: Nipa palms (Nypa fruticans) and other salt-tolerant, halophytic flora predominate in the mangrove swamps.1

Fauna

Mammals: The valley is a critical refuge for the one-horned rhinoceros, as well as elephants, Bengal tigers, leopards, wild buffalo, and various deer species.12
Aquatic Life: The river and its associated wetlands host numerous fish species, such as the pabda, chital, and mrigal. The endangered Ganges river dolphin and the critically endangered Assam roofed turtle are also present.12
Birds: The valley supports a rich diversity of birdlife, including pelicans and storks.2