Which modern Italian regions were included in the Papal States?

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Side-by-side maps of central Italy showing the changing boundaries of the Papal States. The left map highlights the Papal States after the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 in green, showing their greatest extent. The right map shows the Papal States' reduced territory just before absorption into Italy, with orange marking areas annexed in 1860 and yellow showing the final area annexed in 1870, centered ar — Papal States The Papal States in 1815 (left) and at their annexation by Italy in 1870.

The Papal States, which were territories under the sovereignty of the pope from 756 to 1870, encompassed several modern Italian regions. These included:

Lazio (Latium)
Umbria
Marche
Parts of Emilia-Romagna1

While these regions formed the core of the territory, it is important to note that the actual extent of papal control and the specific borders of these lands fluctuated significantly throughout the centuries.1