Which groups of indentured workers were brought to New Caledonia between 1864 and 1939?

Between 1864 and 1939, approximately 60,000 indentured laborers were brought to New Caledonia to work on plantations, mines, ships, wharves, in commerce, domestic service, and on public works projects.1

These workers were recruited from the following groups:

• ni-Vanuatu and Solomon Islanders: 1865–19201
• Vietnamese: 1891–19391
• Javanese: 1896–19391
• Japanese: 1892–19211

While these systems of indentured labor were a significant source of cheap labor for the French colonial administration, only a small percentage of the survivors remained in the territory after their contracts expired.21