Which foreign sea powers attacked Havana during the 16th and 17th centuries?

During the 16th century, Havana was frequently targeted by English, French, and Dutch sea marauders, which prompted the Spanish to prioritize the construction of harbor fortifications.1

Throughout the 17th century, the city continued to be a primary objective for competing foreign powers due to its role as a vital rendezvous point for Spanish treasure fleets traveling from the New World to Spain. During this period, the city faced repeated blockades and attacks by rival European nations attempting to establish a foothold in the Caribbean.23