Which foreign powers became involved in the Haitian Revolution?

The Haitian Revolution was a complex series of conflicts (1791–1804) that extended beyond a domestic uprising, drawing in several foreign powers that vied for control of the island of Hispaniola.123

The primary foreign powers involved included:

• France: As the colonial ruler of Saint-Domingue, France was the central antagonist. The French government, and later Napoleon I, attempted to maintain control and restore the old regime, including the institution of slavery.12
• Spain: Spanish colonists based in Santo Domingo supported various rival factions within the colony. Although Spain formally ceded its portion of the island to France in the 1795 Treaty of Basel, the ongoing wars in Europe delayed the actual transfer, and Spain later reasserted control over the eastern territory.13
• Britain: British troops, primarily arriving from Jamaica, intervened in the conflict to challenge French influence and protect their own interests, often clashing with both French and Haitian forces.13

These powers frequently shifted alliances as they sought to secure their influence in the Caribbean during the revolutionary period.13