Which ancient civilizations have been found at Kalibangan?

The ancient site of Kalibangan, located in the northern Indian state of Rajasthan, is significant for containing remains of the Indus civilization.12

Excavations at the site have revealed two distinct cultural phases:

• Pre-Harappan: This earlier culture is characterized by the use of copper and the production of pottery. Unlike the later period, it lacked a writing system and did not feature the orderly urban planning or the use of baked bricks found in Harappan settlements.12
• Harappan: This later phase represents the mature period of the Indus civilization. It is marked by a fortified citadel, a cemetery, and a township layout that shares striking similarities with other major sites such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.12

The site provides valuable evidence regarding the transition between these two cultural periods.1