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Which Ming emperor renamed Beiping as Beijing?

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Map of eastern Asia highlighting China and its neighboring countries, with an arrow pointing to Beijing Municipality in northeastern China. The map includes international boundaries, disputed borders, and lines of control, and shows major surrounding countries such as Russia, Mongolia, India, Japan, North Korea, and South Korea. An inset at the bottom left shows the location of China within Asia. — Beijing Beijing city and municipality, China.

The city of Beiping was renamed Beijing by the Yongle emperor (Zhu Di) in 1403.1

After the Ming dynasty was established, the city—formerly known as Dadu—was initially renamed Beiping, meaning "Northern Peace," by the Hongwu emperor. Following the death of his father, Zhu Di usurped the throne and subsequently changed the city's name to Beijing, which translates to "Northern Capital". While the name change occurred in 1403, Beijing did not officially become the national capital of the Ming dynasty until 1421, following extensive reconstruction efforts.12