Where were headhunting and cannibalism reported in parts of traditional Melanesia?

In traditional Melanesia, headhunting and cannibalism were reported in various regions, often associated with warfare, raiding, and specific cultural or religious beliefs regarding the soul and vitality.123

Headhunting

Headhunting was historically linked to homicidal raiding in several areas, including:
* Southern New Guinea coast: Specifically among the Asmat and Marind-anim peoples.1
* Western Solomon Islands: Notably in the regions of Roviana and Vella Lavella.1

In these contexts, the practice was often tied to the belief that the head was the seat of the soul, and its removal could capture "soul matter" to benefit the community's fertility or prestige.2

Cannibalism

Cannibalism was also reported in parts of Melanesia, sometimes as a ritual practice or, in certain regions, as a source of food. Reported areas include:3
* Southern Massim.1
* New Caledonia.1
* Fiji, which was noted as a region where the practice prevailed.3

In some Melanesian societies, consuming parts of a deceased enemy was believed to transfer their vitality or reduce their power to seek revenge. These practices were generally prohibited as modernization spread throughout the region.3