Where does the biosphere extend from the atmosphere to the deep ocean?

The biosphere is the thin, life-supporting layer at Earth’s surface where all life exists. It extends from a few tens of thousands of meters into the atmosphere—where life-forms such as pollen grains and spores may survive—down into the sediments of the abyssal depths of the oceans, including deep-sea vents.12

This stratum is composed of both living organisms and the nonliving factors from which they derive energy and nutrients. While the biosphere is often characterized as a thin mantle, it encompasses a wide range of environments, from the highest reaches of the atmosphere to the deepest recesses of the ocean floor.21