When did Napoleon annex the Papal States?

Created from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.

Side-by-side maps of central Italy showing the changing boundaries of the Papal States. The left map highlights the Papal States after the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 in green, showing their greatest extent. The right map shows the Papal States' reduced territory just before absorption into Italy, with orange marking areas annexed in 1860 and yellow showing the final area annexed in 1870, centered ar — Papal States The Papal States in 1815 (left) and at their annexation by Italy in 1870.

Napoleon Bonaparte annexed the Papal States in 1809.12

While French forces had previously seized papal territories and proclaimed a Roman Republic in 1798, the formal annexation of the states occurred in 1809, during which time Pope Pius VII was taken prisoner. This action was part of a period of deteriorating relations between Napoleon and the papacy, following earlier conflicts and the Concordat of 1801.123