When did Chinese colonies first begin to be established in southern Manchuria?

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Map of eastern Asia highlighting Manchuria in northeastern China, which includes the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The highlighted area borders Russia, Mongolia, and North Korea. — Manchuria The historical region of Manchuria shown with the boundaries of the modern-day Chinese provinces in its place as well as the portion of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region that is often considered part of Manchuria.

The earliest establishment of Chinese colonies in southern Manchuria began approximately in the 3rd century BCE. Following this initial period, Chinese immigration into the region accelerated during the subsequent centuries, particularly under the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), when parts of the territory were organized into military commanderies.1