What role did the Panchen Lama traditionally hold in Tibetan Buddhism?

The Panchen Lama is a significant figure in Tibetan Buddhism, specifically within the Dge-lugs-pa (Geluk) school. Traditionally, the Panchen Lama serves as the head abbot of the Tashilhunpo Monastery near Shigatse.12

Historically, the office was established in the 17th century by the fifth Dalai Lama, who declared that his tutor would be recognized as a reincarnated lama. Consequently, the Panchen Lamas are regarded as successive physical manifestations of the buddha Amitabha.13

In terms of hierarchy, the Panchen Lama has traditionally been considered second only to the Dalai Lama in spiritual authority within the Dge-lugs-pa sect. While the Dalai Lama often held the role of a theocratic ruler, the Panchen Lama has typically been recognized primarily as a spiritual leader. Throughout history, various external powers have attempted to exploit the division of authority between these two figures for political purposes.123