What landforms make up the Spratly Islands?

The Spratly Islands are a large, dispersed group of landforms located in the South China Sea of the Pacific Ocean. These features primarily consist of reefs, shoals, atolls, and small islets.1

A significant number of these formations remain submerged. Among the 12 primary naturally occurring islets, the largest is Itu Aba, which covers approximately 90 acres (36 hectares). In recent years, the landscape has been altered by human activity, as some nations have engaged in the intensive construction of artificial land on various reefs and atolls.1