What is the jumbie dance in Montserratian culture?

In Montserratian culture, the jumbie dance is a traditional rite and a manifestation of folk religion that had nearly disappeared by the late 20th century. The term "jumbie" refers to a spirit, ghost, or minor demon in Caribbean folklore.12

Historically, the dance was performed following Christian rituals, such as weddings or baptisms, or during times of crisis. Through the use of music played on instruments like flutes, triangles, and flat goatskin-covered drums, the dance helped induce a trancelike state in participants. Worshipers engaged in this practice to seek cures for illnesses or to lift an obia spell, which is a traditional form of witchcraft.1

The decline of this folk tradition is attributed in part to the influence of imported musical styles, including soca, reggae, and calypso.1