What is the difference between Mbabane and Lobamba in Eswatini’s government?

Eswatini maintains two capitals, each serving distinct functions within the government.1

• Mbabane: Serving as the modern administrative and judicial capital, Mbabane functions as the primary center for government administration. It was established as an administrative headquarters during the British colonial era.234
• Lobamba: Recognized as the legislative capital, Lobamba is the site of the country’s parliament and other key national institutions. Beyond its legislative role, it is considered the spiritual home of the Swazi nation and serves as a royal residence for the King and the Queen Mother (Ndlovukazi). It also houses the offices of the Swazi National Council, the National Archives, and the National Museum.24

While Mbabane manages the day-to-day administrative and judicial affairs of the state, Lobamba remains the focal point for legislative processes and traditional royal authority.234