What happened to Kazakhstan during the Russian Civil War?

During the Russian Civil War, the Kazakhs were largely onlookers rather than active participants. Following the 1917 collapse of the tsarist regime, a Westernized Kazakh elite formed the Alash Orda political party to advocate for regional autonomy.123

The Alash Orda initially sought to express their aspirations through this party, but they found the anti-communist "White" forces to be implacably opposed to their goals. Consequently, the Kazakhs eventually aligned themselves with the "Red" forces. By 1919–20, the Bolsheviks’ Red Army defeated the White Russian forces in the region and occupied Kazakhstan.312

Following the war, the Soviet government established the Kirgiz Autonomous Republic on August 26, 1920, which was later renamed the Kazakh A.S.S.R. in 1925. While the leaders of the Alash Orda initially maintained a position of influence within this new republic, they were eventually liquidated by the Communist Party in 1927–28 as "bourgeois nationalists".123