What happened during the November Insurrection in Warsaw?

The November Insurrection (1830–31) was a Polish rebellion that sought to end Russian rule in the Congress Kingdom of Poland.1

The uprising began in Warsaw on November 29, 1830, when a secret society of infantry cadets launched an attack after the Russian emperor Nicholas I threatened to use the Polish Army to suppress a revolution in Paris. Although the rebels failed to assassinate Grand Duke Constantine, they successfully seized the arsenal, armed the civilian population, and gained control of northern Warsaw.1

The movement eventually lost momentum due to a lack of unified leadership and the failure to secure foreign aid or peasant support. Following a major defeat at Ostrołęka, Russian forces attacked Warsaw on September 6, 1831. The Polish Army withdrew, and the insurrection ended as the remaining forces crossed into Prussia to surrender. This failure led to stricter, more repressive Russian control over the region.1