What happened during the Mongolian Revolution of 1921?
The Mongolian Revolution of 1921 was a pivotal movement that led to the establishment of a "people's government" and the eventual formation of the Mongolian People's Republic. Following the Chinese occupation of the capital, Niislel KhĂŒree (now Ulaanbaatar), and the subsequent brief, brutal control of the city by the anti-Bolshevik forces of Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, Mongolian nationalists organized a resistance.1
In March 1921, the Mongolian Peopleâs Party (MPP) held its first congress in Troitskosavsk, where they formed a provisional cabinet and assembled a revolutionary force under the command of Damdiny SĂŒkhbaatar. Supported by Soviet army units, this force advanced into Mongolia and captured the capital in July 1921.12
A new government was established, with the Bogd Khan reinstated as a constitutional monarch with limited powers. Following the capture and execution of Baron Ungern-Sternberg, the revolution solidified the country's path toward independence, leading to the first Mongolian-Soviet treaty and, by 1924, the formal declaration of the Mongolian People's Republic.1