What happened during the India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir in 1965?
The 1965 India-Pakistan War was a major conflict fought over the disputed region of Kashmir from August to September 1965.12
The war began after Pakistani troops launched Operation Gibraltar in early August, infiltrating the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir to incite a local uprising against Indian rule. When this failed, Pakistan initiated Operation Grand Slam on September 1, a military offensive aimed at capturing strategic locations in the region. India retaliated by launching offensives across the border into Pakistan, including toward Lahore and Sialkot.12
The conflict featured some of the largest tank battles since World War II, such as the Battle of Asal Uttar and the Battle of Chawinda. Following a United Nations Security Council resolution, a ceasefire took effect on September 22, 1965. The war ended inconclusively, and in January 1966, the two nations signed the Tashkent Declaration, agreeing to restore prewar borders and pursue peaceful relations.123