What factors led to the Iranian Revolution of 1978–79 in Tehran?

The Iranian Revolution of 1978–79 was driven by a convergence of economic instability, sociopolitical repression, and widespread dissatisfaction with the modernization policies of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.12

Key factors included:

• Economic Discontent: Despite rapid growth, heavy government spending and fluctuating oil prices led to high inflation and stagnant living standards for many Iranians. The White Revolution disrupted traditional rural economies, leading to an influx of migrants to cities like Tehran who faced unemployment and a sense of cultural alienation.134
• Political Repression: The shah’s regime stifled political participation, outlawed opposition parties, and utilized censorship, surveillance, and torture to suppress dissent.13
• Opposition Leadership: Secular intellectuals and religious leaders, including the exiled Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, formed a broad coalition against the regime. Khomeini’s populist rhetoric, which criticized the shah’s irreligion and perceived subservience to the United States and Israel, resonated deeply with the masses.13
• Cycle of Violence: Protests escalated in 1978 following perceived insults against Khomeini, leading to a cycle of state violence and mourning rituals that fueled further unrest.4