What events led to renewed clashes between Meitei and Kuki communities in 2023?

The 2023 resurgence of ethnic violence between the Meitei and Kuki communities in Manipur was primarily driven by long-standing disputes over land rights and political status.1

The conflict intensified following the Meitei community's demand for Scheduled Tribe status. The Kuki and Naga communities, who inhabit the state's hill tracts, already hold this designation, which provides them with affirmative action benefits and protections, including exclusive land ownership rights in those areas. The Kuki community expressed concern that granting the Meiteis—who reside primarily in the valley and have historically held greater political representation—this status would allow them to acquire land traditionally under tribal control.1

These tensions are compounded by broader issues, including historical ethnic mistrust, the impact of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, and concerns regarding illegal immigration and militant activity from neighboring Myanmar. The resulting clashes have led to significant loss of life, widespread displacement, and mob violence.1