What climate conditions occur in the northern Yenisey River basin?

The northern basin of the Yenisey River is characterized by a subarctic climate with notably harsh conditions.1

Key climatic features include:

• Temperature: The cold season is prolonged, lasting from late September to mid-June. Even during the summer, temperatures remain cool, with July averages typically between 46 and 54 °F (8 to 12 °C), and frosts may occur during this time. In January, average temperatures range from -25 to -18 °F (-32 to -28 °C).1
• Precipitation and Snow: Annual precipitation averages 16 to 20 inches (400 to 500 mm). Snow cover is relatively light, averaging about 24 inches (60 cm), which provides minimal insulation for the ground.1
• Permafrost: Due to the lack of insulating snow cover and the severe cold, the soil and subsoil remain frozen to significant depths for extended periods. Permafrost is prevalent throughout the region north of the Lower Tunguska.1