What challenges have affected residents of Ulaanbaatar’s outer ger districts?

Residents of the outlying ger districts in Ulaanbaatar face significant infrastructure challenges. A large portion of the population living in these areas lacks access to basic water supply and sanitation facilities. Additionally, some residents in these districts live without electricity.1

These conditions are largely a result of rapid urban migration, as rural unemployment and hardships have drawn an increasing number of families to the capital since 1990, leading to the expansion of these ger encampments around the city.12