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What are the roles of Nepal's president and prime minister under the 2015 constitution?

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Flag of Nepal consisting of two stacked triangular pennants in red with a blue border and featuring a white crescent moon above a white sun symbol.
Nepal

Under the 2015 constitution, Nepal is established as a secular, federal-style republic with a clear distinction between the roles of the head of state and the head of government.12

  • President: Serves as the head of state. This role is largely ceremonial, representing the unity of the nation.1
  • Prime Minister: Serves as the head of government and leads the Council of Ministers. The prime minister holds the effective executive power of the state.1

The constitution mandates a bicameral legislature, and the executive branch operates through the Council of Ministers, which is accountable to the parliament. While the president holds the formal position of head of state, the prime minister is responsible for the day-to-day administration and executive decision-making of the country.1