What are Europe’s main climate regions?

Europe features four primary climatic regions, though these are subject to significant local and topographical variations.1

• Maritime (Oceanic) Climate: Found in northwestern Europe, this region is characterized by moderate temperatures, high humidity, and frequent rainfall. The influence of the Gulf Stream helps ameliorate temperatures in this area.23
• Central European (Transitional) Climate: Located at the core of the continent, this region acts as a transition between maritime and continental influences. It experiences colder winters with substantial snowfall and warmer summers, with precipitation levels that can be quite high in mountainous areas.4
• Continental Climate: Dominating a large portion of eastern and northern Europe, this climate features long, cold winters and hot summers. The temperature range between seasons increases as one moves eastward, and rainfall is generally less abundant than in the west.5
• Mediterranean Climate: This subtropical region characterizes the coastlands of southern Europe. It is defined by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, with clear skies prevailing for much of the year.6

Additionally, mountainous areas often exhibit "stacked" climates due to changes in elevation, and high-latitude regions may experience tundra climate conditions.17