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Tiwanaku, major pre-Columbian civilization known from ruins of the same name that are situated near the southern shore of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. The main Tiwanaku site was added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2000. Some scholars date the earliest remains found at the site to the early part of the Early Intermediate Period (c. 200 bce–200 ce); others suggest that the culture is evident in artifacts from the 2nd millennium bce. Probably much...