How was Iraq’s 2005 constitution approved?

Iraq’s permanent constitution was approved by a national plebiscite (referendum) held in October 2005.12

The process was marked by significant political division. While the document was ultimately ratified, Sunni Arabs voted overwhelmingly against the constitution, expressing concerns that it would relegate them to a perpetual minority status within the new federal state framework. Following its approval, the constitution established the foundation for a parliamentary democracy in Iraq, defining the roles of the president, the prime minister, and the legislative bodies.21