How many wars have India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir?

India and Pakistan have fought two major wars specifically over the Kashmir region, along with a limited conflict in the same area.12

• 1947–1949 War: Triggered by an invasion of tribal militias backed by Pakistan, this first conflict began after the ruler of Kashmir acceded to India in exchange for military support.123
• 1965 War: This second war was fought directly over the Kashmir region following the infiltration of Pakistani troops into Indian-administered territory.12
• 1999 Kargil War: This was a limited but intense conflict that occurred when Pakistani forces infiltrated and occupied strategic positions in the Kargil district of Indian-administered Kashmir.123

While India and Pakistan also fought a war in 1971, that conflict was rooted in the Bangladesh Liberation War and was not centered on the Kashmir dispute.123