How is water from the Karakum Canal used for irrigation?

The Karakum Canal is a vital water-supply system that facilitates large-scale irrigation across the Karakum Desert. By transporting water from the Amu Darya to the southeastern desert, the southern border of the Central Karakum, and the base of the Kopet-Dag Mountains, the canal has enabled the cultivation of fine-fibred cotton, fodder crops, fruits, and vegetables in oasis areas.12

Additionally, the canal provides essential watering points for vast areas of rangeland, supporting large-scale livestock production, particularly of Karakul sheep.2

However, this intensive irrigation has led to secondary salinization, where salt crusts form on the soil and render it infertile. To address this, improved drainage systems have been constructed to divert salts away from cultivated land. Furthermore, the high volume of water diverted for irrigation, combined with evaporation in the arid climate, has contributed to water shortfalls in the lower courses of the Amu Darya.23