How is the Black Sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean?

The Black Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through a series of interconnected waterways and seas. Moving from the Black Sea toward the Atlantic, the route passes through the following sequence:1

• Bosporus: A strait that connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara.123
• Sea of Marmara: An inland sea that links the Bosporus to the Dardanelles.43
• Dardanelles: A strait that connects the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean Sea.43
• Mediterranean Sea: The Aegean Sea is part of the Mediterranean, which extends westward toward the Atlantic.51
• Strait of Gibraltar: The final passage that connects the western end of the Mediterranean Sea directly to the Atlantic Ocean.52