How is qawwali connected to Sufism in Pakistan?

In Pakistan, qawwali serves as a vital musical vehicle for Sufism, functioning as an energetic performance of devotional poetry designed to lead listeners toward a state of religious ecstasy and spiritual union with Allah.1

The connection is deeply rooted in the following ways:

• Spiritual Context: Performances, known as mehfil-e samāʿ ("gathering for spiritual listening"), are traditionally held at Sufi shrines, particularly on the death anniversaries of saints. These gatherings facilitate a communal experience of divine connection.1
• Foundational Lineage: The tradition traces its origins to Amīr Khosrow, a disciple of the Chishtiyyah Sufi order. Authentic performers often trace their lineage back to him, and the repertoire frequently commemorates the spiritual bond between a master and his student.1
• Metaphorical Expression: While the lyrics often employ imagery of worldly love and intoxication, this is understood by devotees as a metaphor for the euphoria of communion with the divine spirit.1
• Ritual Interaction: The music uses rhythmic improvisation and repetition to elevate the audience, making the interaction between the lead singer and the devotees central to the religious experience.1