How is Vatican City different from the Holy See?

Although the terms are often used interchangeably, the Holy See and Vatican City represent distinct entities with different functions.1

• The Holy See is the central government of the Roman Catholic Church, led by the pope in his capacity as the bishop of Rome. It is a nonterritorial, spiritual institution that exercises universal authority over Catholics worldwide. Its sovereignty is recognized by international law, allowing it to maintain diplomatic relations and participate in international organizations independently of any physical territory.12

• Vatican City is the independent city-state established in 1929 through the Lateran Treaty. It serves as the physical, territorial seat of the Holy See, providing the necessary independence for the pope to exercise his authority. While the Holy See is the governing body, Vatican City is the 44-hectare enclave in Rome that houses the Vatican Palace, St. Peter’s Basilica, and other administrative facilities.12

In essence, the Holy See is the institutional authority, while Vatican City is the sovereign territory that supports that authority.12