How is Djibouti governed under its 1992 constitution?

Djibouti is governed as a multiparty republic under a constitution adopted in 1992, which has undergone several amendments since its inception.12

Executive and Legislative Structure

• President: The president serves as both the head of state and head of government. They are elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term with no limitations on the number of terms served. The president is assisted by a prime minister.12
• National Assembly: This legislative body consists of 65 members elected by universal suffrage for five-year terms. While a 2010 amendment provided for the creation of a Senate, it was not immediately established.12

Political System

The 1992 constitution officially transitioned the country from a single-party system to a multiparty political system. Initially limited to four parties, these restrictions were lifted in 2002. Despite these provisions, critics have noted that the country has largely functioned as a de facto single-party state, with power concentrated in the hands of the president and the ruling coalition.32