How is Brazil governed as a federal republic?

Brazil is a multiparty federal republic governed under a constitution promulgated in 1988, which outlines the functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The country is divided into 26 states and the Federal District.12

Government Structure

• Legislature: Legislative power is held by the bicameral National Congress, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Congress manages federal fiscal policies, ratifies international treaties, and oversees executive actions.3
• Judiciary: The judicial system includes an ordinary branch (state and federal courts) and a special branch (labor, electoral, and military courts). The Supreme Federal Court serves as the highest authority on constitutional matters.4
• Regional Administration: States are semi-autonomous, maintaining their own constitutions, justice systems, and directly elected governors and legislatures. Brazil is further subdivided into over 5,000 municipalities, which possess their own autonomous governments and elected officials.5

Voting is compulsory for most citizens aged 18 to 70, ensuring broad participation in the election of the president, governors, and legislative representatives.6