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How has Odia been influenced by Dravidian languages and other languages?

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Puri: Jagannatha temple — Odisha Jagannatha temple, Puri, Odisha, India.

Odia, an Indo-Aryan language and the official language of Odisha, has been significantly shaped by centuries of linguistic contact and exchange.12

Influence of Dravidian Languages

Odia has been heavily influenced by Dravidian languages, which have enriched its lexicon through various borrowings. This interaction is part of a broader historical phenomenon where Indo-Aryan languages incorporated Dravidian elements, including specific vocabulary and phonetic features such as the development and extension of retroflex consonants.13

Influence of Other Languages

Beyond Dravidian, Odia’s vocabulary has been extensively enriched by borrowings from several other languages, reflecting the region's diverse cultural history:1

Classical and Regional: Sanskrit has had a profound impact, with words appearing in tatsama (original) and tadbhava (derived) forms. Other regional influences include Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, and Bengali.1
Global and Historical: The language has also integrated terms from Arabic, Persian, English, Turkish, French, and Portuguese.1

In modern times, English has further influenced Odia by introducing new discursive forms, such as those used in news reporting and essays.1