How far below sea level is the surface of the Caspian Sea?

The surface of the Caspian Sea is not at a fixed elevation, as its water level has historically fluctuated due to climatic changes, river influx, and human-made factors like reservoir construction.12

While it is often cited as being approximately 90 feet (27 metres) below sea level, historical records show significant variation:12

• Early 20th Century: The level was close to 86 feet (26 metres) below sea level.1
• 1977: The level dropped to 96 feet (29 metres) below sea level, the lowest point in the last 400 to 500 years.1
• Mid-1990s: Following a rapid rise, the sea reached 87 feet (26.5 metres) below sea level.1

Because these levels change over time based on the balance between precipitation, evaporation, and river inflow, the surface elevation is dynamic rather than static.1