How does the monsoon season affect salinity in the upper Arabian Sea?

The monsoon season significantly influences the salinity levels in the upper Arabian Sea due to shifts in wind patterns and precipitation.1

• Southwest Monsoon (April to November): During this rainy season, increased precipitation and monsoon winds contribute to lower salinity levels. In the upper 150 feet (45 metres) of the sea, salinities of less than 35 parts per thousand have been recorded.1
• Northeast Monsoon (November to March): During this dry season, salinity levels rise. Surface salinities of more than 36 parts per thousand have been recorded across the entire sea north of 5° N, with the exception of the Somali coast.1

These variations occur within a broader context where the Arabian Sea generally experiences high evaporation rates, often leading to a net annual water loss.12