How does the monsoon affect rainfall in Uttar Pradesh?

The climate of Uttar Pradesh is characterized as a tropical monsoon type, which dictates the state's rainfall patterns. Approximately 90 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the southwest monsoon, a period lasting from June to September.1

The distribution of this rainfall varies significantly across the state, decreasing from east to west: annual totals range from 40 to 80 inches (1,000–2,000 mm) in the east, while the western regions receive between 24 and 40 inches (600–1,000 mm).1

Because the vast majority of the state's rainfall is concentrated within this four-month window, the monsoon has profound impacts on the region:
* Flooding: Heavy rains frequently lead to recurring floods, which can cause significant damage to property and crops, particularly in eastern Uttar Pradesh.1
* Agricultural Dependency: The timing and quantity of the monsoon are critical for agriculture; periodic failures of the monsoon can lead to drought conditions, while excessive rainfall can cause large-scale crop damage.12