How does the climate differ between the northwestern and southeastern Black Sea?

The climate of the Black Sea basin varies significantly between its northwestern and southeastern regions due to differences in exposure to air masses and local topography.1

• Northwestern Black Sea: This region is characterized by a steppe climate, featuring cold winters and hot, dry summers. It is highly exposed to air masses from the north, particularly cold, dry air from the Siberian anticyclone during winter. This leads to significant cooling, frequent strong northeasterly winds, and regular ice formation.1
• Southeastern Black Sea: Sheltered by high mountains, this area experiences a humid subtropical climate. It is defined by abundant precipitation, warm winters, and humid summers. The surrounding mountain ranges act as a barrier, moderating the climate and protecting the region from the harsh, cold air currents that affect the north.123

These climatic differences also influence the sea's hydrology; in winter, surface water temperatures can drop to approximately 31 °F (−0.5 °C) in the northwest, while remaining significantly warmer, between 48 and 50 °F (9 and 10 °C), in the southeast.4