How does the climate change from the upper Dnieper basin to the lower Dnieper basin?

The climate of the Dnieper basin is temperate, with its continental nature increasing from the northwest to the southeast. As one moves from the upper basin toward the lower reaches, the environment shifts significantly in temperature and moisture levels:1

• Temperature: The mean annual air temperature rises from 41 °F (5 °C) in the upper basin to 50 °F (10 °C) in the lower reaches. Winters also become notably milder; while the north experiences long, persistent winters with a mean January temperature of 16 °F (−9 °C), the south features shorter, milder winters with frequent thaws and a mean January temperature of 27 °F (−3 °C).1
• Precipitation: Moisture levels decrease significantly from north to south. The upper basin receives approximately 28 inches (710 mm) of annual precipitation, whereas the lower Dnieper region receives only about 18 inches (460 mm).1

Consequently, while the upper basin is characterized by excessive moisture and swampiness, the lower Dnieper passes through a region of insufficient moisture where irrigation is required for the land.12