How does elevation create different climate zones in Bhutan?

Bhutan’s climate is exceptionally diverse for its size, with conditions shifting dramatically based on elevation. This vertical variation creates three distinct climatic regions:1

• Subtropical Tract: The Duars Plain and its adjacent southern foothills experience a hot, humid, subtropical climate. This low-elevation zone supports tropical deciduous vegetation.12
• Temperate Region: Found in the central mountain valleys, this area features a temperate climate. These mid-elevation slopes are characterized by diverse forests of pine, oak, and other species.12
• Alpine Tundra: The northern region, dominated by the Great Himalayas, experiences an alpine tundra climate. This high-elevation zone is marked by extreme cold and a generally dry climate, with alpine shrubs and grasses growing up to the timberline.123

In addition to elevation, local variations in climate are influenced by differing exposures to sunlight and moisture-laden winds. Some protected areas, such as the Jigme Dorji National Park, are notable for spanning all three of these climate zones.12