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How does caste shape social groups in Bihar?

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The Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India, features a tall, intricately carved central spire surrounded by smaller shrines, trees, and gardens. — Bihar Mahabodhi Buddhist temple, built in the 2nd century ce, Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India.

In Bihar, the population is largely classified by social caste, which functions as a primary framework for organizing social groups and identity. This structure is categorized into three main tiers within the Hindu population:1

Elite Upper Castes: This group includes the Brahmans, Bhumihars, Rajputs, and Kayasthas.1
Backward Classes: These groups, such as the Yadavas, Kurmis, and Banias, are recognized as socially and economically disadvantaged.1
Scheduled Castes: Formerly referred to as "untouchables," this group includes communities such as the Chamars (or Mochis), Dusadhs, and Mushars.1

Beyond these caste-based divisions, Bihar is home to smaller groups of indigenous peoples known as Scheduled Tribes, who exist outside the traditional caste hierarchy.1

While the Constitution of India abolished the practice of untouchability, caste remains a significant factor in social organization, influencing kinship networks and marriage practices. It is essential to recognize that discrimination based on caste is a violation of fundamental human rights and equality; modern efforts, including guaranteed legislative representation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, aim to address historical marginalization and promote social justice.23